Sejarah Satelit Landsat 7

Landsat 7 History

April 15, 1999 - present

Figure 1. Landsat 7




Movie 1. Launch of Landsat 7
Download Small Landsat 7 Launch Movie .mov (23.2 MB)
Download Large Landsat 7 Launch Movie .mov (121 MB)
Download QuickTime Player


Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (initial participant)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Spacecraft bus: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space
• Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+): Hughes Santa Barbara Remote Sensing

Launch

• Date: April 15, 1999
• Vehicle: Delta II
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Figure 2. Landsat 7

Spacecraft

• Power provided by a single Sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries
• Attitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading
• Orbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets
• Weight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)
• Length: 4.3 m (14 ft)
• Diameter: 2.8 m (9 ft)

Communications

• Direct Downlink with Solid State Recorders (SSR)
• Data rate: 150 Mbps

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• 233 orbit cycle; covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes)
• Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)
• Circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes
• Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes

Sensors
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)

• Eight spectral bands, including a pan and thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.77 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 60 m Low Gain / High Gain
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Band 8 Panchromatic (PAN) (0.52 - 0.90 µm) 15 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 60 m thermal
• Added the Band 6 Low and High gain 60 m thermal bands
• On-board calibration was added to Landsat 7: a Full Aperture Solar Calibrator (FASC) and a Partial Aperture Solar Calibrator (PASC), in addition to the 2 calibration lamps

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Design Life: Minimum of 5 years

Figure 3. Landsat 7

sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat7.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 6

Landsat 6 History

October 5, 1993 (did not achieve orbit)



Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Spacecraft bus: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space
• Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM): Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center

Launch

• Date: October 5, 1993
• Vehicle: Titan II
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Power provided by a single sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries
• Attitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading
• Orbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets
• Weight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)
• Length: 4.3 m (14 ft)
• Diameter: 2.8 m (9 ft)

Communications

• Direct downlink with solid state recorders capable of storing 380 gigabits of data (100 scenes)
• Data rate: 85 Mbps

Orbit (if obtained)

• Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)
• Repeat cycle: 16 days
• Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes

Sensors
Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)

• Eight spectral bands, including a pan and thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.76 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 120 m
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Band 8 Panchromatic (PAN) (0.52 - 0.90µm) 15 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 120 m thermal

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)

sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat6.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 5

Landsat 5 History

March 1, 1984 – Present
August 1995 (Multispectral Scanner (MSS) powered off)

Figure 1. Landsat 5

Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturers: General Electric (GE) Astrospace and Hughes Santa Barbara Remote Sensing

Launch

• Date: March 1, 1984
• Vehicle: Delta 3920
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• 3-axis stabilized, zero momentum with control of 0.01 deg using reaction wheels
• Aluminum with graphite struts
• Hydrazine propulsion system
• Single solar array with 1-axis articulation
• Three Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries provide 100 Ampere-Hour (AHr) total
• Retractable boom (4 m long) with 2 powered joints supports the articulated High Gain Antenna, which downlinks data via Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
• Communications system uses S,X,L, and Ku Bands
• Weight: approximately 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)

Communications

• Direct downlink with TDRSS
• Data rate: 85 Mbps
• Quantisation: 8 bit (256 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Circular, sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• Inclined at 98.2°
• Repeat cycle: 16 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:45 a.m. +/- 15 minutes

Sensors
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands (identical to Landsat 1 and 2):
• Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Thematic Mapper (TM)

• Added the mid-range infrared to the data
• Seven spectral bands, including a thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.76 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 120 m
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 120 m thermal

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Design Life: Minimum of 3 years

sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat5.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 4

Landsat 4 History

July 16, 1982 – (placed in standby in January 1986) December 14, 1993
Decommissioned: June 15, 2001

Figure 1. Landsat 4

Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Launch

• Date: July 16, 1982
• Vehicle: Delta 3920
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• 3-axis stabilized, zero momentum with control of 0.01 deg using reaction wheels
• Aluminum with graphite struts
• Hydrazine propulsion system
• Single solar array with 1-axis articulation
• Three Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries provide 100 Ampere-Hour (AHr ) total
• Retractable boom (4 m long) with 2 powered joints supports the articulated High Gain Antenna, which downlinked data via the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
• Weight: approximately 4,300 lbs (1,942 kg)

Communications

• Direct downlink with TDRSS
• Data rate: 85 Mbps
• Communications system uses S, X, L, and Ku Bands
• Quantization: 8 bit (256 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide References System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Circular, sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• Inclined at 98.2°
• Circled the Earth every 99 minutes
• Repeat cycle: 16 days
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:45 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)

Sensors
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands (identical to Landsat 1 and 2):
• Band 4 Visible (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Data: 100 kHz digital
• Six detectors for each reflective band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Thematic Mapper (TM)

• Added the mid-range infrared to the data
• Seven spectral bands, including a thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.76 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 120 m
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (IR) (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 120 m thermal

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Also known as Landsat-D
• Design Life: Minimum of 3 years

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat4.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 3

Landsat 3 History

March 5, 1978 – March 31, 1983

Figure 1. Landsat 3

Participants

• NASA
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturer: General Electric (GE) Astrospace

Launch

• Date: March 5, 1978
• Vehicle: Delta 2910
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Weight: approximately 953 kg (2,100 lbs)
• Overall height: 3 m (10 ft)
• Diameter: 1.5 m (5 ft)
• Solar array paddles extend out to a total of 4 m (13 ft)
• 3-axis stabilized using 4 wheels to +/-0.7° attitude control
• Twin solar array paddles (single-axis articulation)
• S-Band and Very High Frequency (VHF) communications
• Hydrazine propulsion system with 3 thrusters

Communications

• Direct downlink from 2, 30 minute wide-band video tape recorders
• Data rate: 15 Mbps
• Quantization: 6 bit (64 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-1 (WRS-1) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 917 km (570 mi)
• Inclined at 99.1°
• Circled the Earth every 103 minutes
• Completed 14 orbits a day
• Repeat cycle: 18 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:30 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath overlap (or sidelap) varied from 14 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at 81° north or south latitude

Sensors
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

• The RBV system on Landsat 3 used two cameras, mounted side-by-side, with panchromatic spectral response and higher spatial resolution (40 m) to complement the multispectral coverage provided by the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). Each of the cameras produced a swath of about 90 km (for a total swath of 180 km).
• 40 m resolution from 2, 80 m resolution cameras
• Two cameras with a panchromatic spectral response
• Data: 3.5 MHz video

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Five spectral bands, including a thermal band:
• Band 4 Visible (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Band 8 Thermal (10.4 to 12.6 µm)
• Data: 100 kHz digital
• Six detectors for each reflective band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Originally designated Landsat 3; also known as Landsat C
• Design Life: Minimum of 1 year

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat3.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 2

Landsat 2 History

January 22, 1975 - February 25, 1982 

Figure 1. Landsat 2

Participants

• NASA
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturer: General Electric's (GE’s) Space Division in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Launch

• Date: January 22, 1975
• Vehicle: Delta 2910
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Weight: approximately 953 kg (2,100 lbs)
• Overall height: 3 m (10 ft)
• Diameter: 1.5 m (5 ft)
• Solar array paddles extend out to a total of 4 m (13 ft)
• 3-axis stabilized using 4 wheels to +/-0.7° attitude control
• Twin solar array paddles (single-axis articulation)
• S-Band and Very High Frequency (VHF) communications
• Hydrazine propulsion system with 3 thrusters

Communications

• Direct downlink from 2, 30 minute wide-band video tape recorders
• Data rate: 15 Mbps
• Quantization: 6 bit (64 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-1 (WRS-1) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 917 km (570 mi)
• Inclined at 99.2°
• Circled the Earth every 103 minutes
• Completed 14 orbits a day
• Repeat cycle: 18 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:30 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath overlap (or sidelap) varied from 14 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at 81° north or south latitude

Sensors
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

• The RBV system on Landsat 2 was operated primarily for engineering evaluation purposes and only occasional RBV imagery was obtained, primarily for cartographic uses in remote areas.
• 80 m resolution in the multispectral band
• Three cameras that operate in the following spectral bands:
• Visible blue-green (475-575 nm)
• Visible orange-red (580-680 nm)
• Visible red to Near-Infrared (690-830 nm)
• Data: 3.5 MHz video

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands:
• Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Originally designated ERTS-B (Earth Resources Technology Satellite-B), then named Landsat-2 prior to launch
• Design Life: Minimum of 1 year

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat2.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 1

Landsat 1 History

July 23, 1972 - January 6, 1978

Figure 1. Landsat 1

Participants

• NASA
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturer: General Electric's (GE’s) Space Division in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Launch

• Date: July 23, 1972
• Vehicle: Delta 900
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Weight: approximately 953 kg (2,100 lbs)
• Overall height: 3 m (10 ft)
• Diameter: 1.5 m (5 ft)
• Solar array paddles extend out to a total of 4 m (13 ft)
• 3-axis stabilized using 4 wheels to +/-0.7° attitude control
• Twin solar array paddles (single-axis articulation)
• S-Band and Very High Frequency (VHF) communications
• Hydrazine propulsion system with 3 thrusters

Communications

• Direct downlink from 2, 30 minute wide-band video tape recorders
• Data rate: 15 Mbps
• Quantization: 6 bit (64 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-1 (WRS-1) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 917 km (570 mi)
• Inclined at 99.2°
• Circled the Earth every 103.34 minutes
• Completed 14 orbits a day
• Repeat cycle: 18 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:30 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath overlap (or sidelap) varied from 14 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at 81° north or south latitude

Sensors
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

• Operated from July 23, 1972 to August 5, 1972, recording only 1692 images
• 80 m resolution in the multispectral band
• Three cameras that operate in the following spectral bands:
  • Band 1 Visible blue-green (475-575 nm)
  • Band 2 Visible orange-red (580-680 nm)
  • Band 3 Visible red to Near-Infrared (690-830 nm)
• Data: 3.5 MHz FM video

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands:
  • Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
  • Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
  • Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
  • Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Originally designated ERTS-A (Earth Resources Technology Satellite); also known as ERTS-1 and Landsat-1
• Program renamed Landsat in 1975
• Design Life: Minimum of 1 year

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat1.php