Sejarah Satelit Landsat 7

Landsat 7 History

April 15, 1999 - present

Figure 1. Landsat 7




Movie 1. Launch of Landsat 7
Download Small Landsat 7 Launch Movie .mov (23.2 MB)
Download Large Landsat 7 Launch Movie .mov (121 MB)
Download QuickTime Player


Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (initial participant)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Spacecraft bus: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space
• Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+): Hughes Santa Barbara Remote Sensing

Launch

• Date: April 15, 1999
• Vehicle: Delta II
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Figure 2. Landsat 7

Spacecraft

• Power provided by a single Sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries
• Attitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading
• Orbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets
• Weight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)
• Length: 4.3 m (14 ft)
• Diameter: 2.8 m (9 ft)

Communications

• Direct Downlink with Solid State Recorders (SSR)
• Data rate: 150 Mbps

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• 233 orbit cycle; covers the entire globe every 16 days (except for the highest polar latitudes)
• Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)
• Circles the Earth every 98.9 minutes
• Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes

Sensors
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)

• Eight spectral bands, including a pan and thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.77 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 60 m Low Gain / High Gain
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Band 8 Panchromatic (PAN) (0.52 - 0.90 µm) 15 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 60 m thermal
• Added the Band 6 Low and High gain 60 m thermal bands
• On-board calibration was added to Landsat 7: a Full Aperture Solar Calibrator (FASC) and a Partial Aperture Solar Calibrator (PASC), in addition to the 2 calibration lamps

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Design Life: Minimum of 5 years

Figure 3. Landsat 7

sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat7.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 6

Landsat 6 History

October 5, 1993 (did not achieve orbit)



Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Spacecraft bus: Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space
• Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM): Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center

Launch

• Date: October 5, 1993
• Vehicle: Titan II
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Power provided by a single sun-tracking solar array and two 50 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries
• Attitude control provided through four reaction wheels (pitch, yaw, roll, and skew); three 2-channel gyros with celestial drift updating; a static Earth sensor; a 1750 processor; and torque rods and magnetometers for momentum uploading
• Orbit control and backup momentum unloading provided through a blow-down monopropellant hydrazine system with a single tank containing 270 pounds of hydrazine, associated plumbing, and twelve 1-pound-thrust jets
• Weight: approx. 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)
• Length: 4.3 m (14 ft)
• Diameter: 2.8 m (9 ft)

Communications

• Direct downlink with solid state recorders capable of storing 380 gigabits of data (100 scenes)
• Data rate: 85 Mbps

Orbit (if obtained)

• Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• Inclined 98.2° (slightly retrograde)
• Repeat cycle: 16 days
• Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes

Sensors
Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)

• Eight spectral bands, including a pan and thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.76 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 120 m
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Band 8 Panchromatic (PAN) (0.52 - 0.90µm) 15 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 120 m thermal

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)

sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat6.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 5

Landsat 5 History

March 1, 1984 – Present
August 1995 (Multispectral Scanner (MSS) powered off)

Figure 1. Landsat 5

Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturers: General Electric (GE) Astrospace and Hughes Santa Barbara Remote Sensing

Launch

• Date: March 1, 1984
• Vehicle: Delta 3920
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• 3-axis stabilized, zero momentum with control of 0.01 deg using reaction wheels
• Aluminum with graphite struts
• Hydrazine propulsion system
• Single solar array with 1-axis articulation
• Three Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries provide 100 Ampere-Hour (AHr) total
• Retractable boom (4 m long) with 2 powered joints supports the articulated High Gain Antenna, which downlinks data via Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
• Communications system uses S,X,L, and Ku Bands
• Weight: approximately 4,800 lbs (2,200 kg)

Communications

• Direct downlink with TDRSS
• Data rate: 85 Mbps
• Quantisation: 8 bit (256 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Circular, sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• Inclined at 98.2°
• Repeat cycle: 16 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:45 a.m. +/- 15 minutes

Sensors
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands (identical to Landsat 1 and 2):
• Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Thematic Mapper (TM)

• Added the mid-range infrared to the data
• Seven spectral bands, including a thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.76 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 120 m
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 120 m thermal

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Design Life: Minimum of 3 years

sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat5.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 4

Landsat 4 History

July 16, 1982 – (placed in standby in January 1986) December 14, 1993
Decommissioned: June 15, 2001

Figure 1. Landsat 4

Participants

• NASA
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT)
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Launch

• Date: July 16, 1982
• Vehicle: Delta 3920
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• 3-axis stabilized, zero momentum with control of 0.01 deg using reaction wheels
• Aluminum with graphite struts
• Hydrazine propulsion system
• Single solar array with 1-axis articulation
• Three Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries provide 100 Ampere-Hour (AHr ) total
• Retractable boom (4 m long) with 2 powered joints supports the articulated High Gain Antenna, which downlinked data via the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
• Weight: approximately 4,300 lbs (1,942 kg)

Communications

• Direct downlink with TDRSS
• Data rate: 85 Mbps
• Communications system uses S, X, L, and Ku Bands
• Quantization: 8 bit (256 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide References System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system
• Circular, sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• Inclined at 98.2°
• Circled the Earth every 99 minutes
• Repeat cycle: 16 days
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:45 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)

Sensors
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands (identical to Landsat 1 and 2):
• Band 4 Visible (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Data: 100 kHz digital
• Six detectors for each reflective band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Thematic Mapper (TM)

• Added the mid-range infrared to the data
• Seven spectral bands, including a thermal band:
• Band 1 Visible (0.45 – 0.52 µm) 30 m
• Band 2 Visible (0.52 – 0.60 µm) 30 m
• Band 3 Visible (0.63 – 0.69 µm) 30 m
• Band 4 Near-Infrared (0.76 – 0.90 µm) 30 m
• Band 5 Near-Infrared (1.55 – 1.75 µm) 30 m
• Band 6 Thermal (10.40 – 12.50 µm) 120 m
• Band 7 Mid-Infrared (IR) (2.08 – 2.35 µm) 30 m
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 30 m reflective, 120 m thermal

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Also known as Landsat-D
• Design Life: Minimum of 3 years

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat4.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 3

Landsat 3 History

March 5, 1978 – March 31, 1983

Figure 1. Landsat 3

Participants

• NASA
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturer: General Electric (GE) Astrospace

Launch

• Date: March 5, 1978
• Vehicle: Delta 2910
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Weight: approximately 953 kg (2,100 lbs)
• Overall height: 3 m (10 ft)
• Diameter: 1.5 m (5 ft)
• Solar array paddles extend out to a total of 4 m (13 ft)
• 3-axis stabilized using 4 wheels to +/-0.7° attitude control
• Twin solar array paddles (single-axis articulation)
• S-Band and Very High Frequency (VHF) communications
• Hydrazine propulsion system with 3 thrusters

Communications

• Direct downlink from 2, 30 minute wide-band video tape recorders
• Data rate: 15 Mbps
• Quantization: 6 bit (64 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-1 (WRS-1) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 917 km (570 mi)
• Inclined at 99.1°
• Circled the Earth every 103 minutes
• Completed 14 orbits a day
• Repeat cycle: 18 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:30 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath overlap (or sidelap) varied from 14 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at 81° north or south latitude

Sensors
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

• The RBV system on Landsat 3 used two cameras, mounted side-by-side, with panchromatic spectral response and higher spatial resolution (40 m) to complement the multispectral coverage provided by the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). Each of the cameras produced a swath of about 90 km (for a total swath of 180 km).
• 40 m resolution from 2, 80 m resolution cameras
• Two cameras with a panchromatic spectral response
• Data: 3.5 MHz video

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Five spectral bands, including a thermal band:
• Band 4 Visible (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Band 8 Thermal (10.4 to 12.6 µm)
• Data: 100 kHz digital
• Six detectors for each reflective band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Originally designated Landsat 3; also known as Landsat C
• Design Life: Minimum of 1 year

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat3.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 2

Landsat 2 History

January 22, 1975 - February 25, 1982 

Figure 1. Landsat 2

Participants

• NASA
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturer: General Electric's (GE’s) Space Division in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Launch

• Date: January 22, 1975
• Vehicle: Delta 2910
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Weight: approximately 953 kg (2,100 lbs)
• Overall height: 3 m (10 ft)
• Diameter: 1.5 m (5 ft)
• Solar array paddles extend out to a total of 4 m (13 ft)
• 3-axis stabilized using 4 wheels to +/-0.7° attitude control
• Twin solar array paddles (single-axis articulation)
• S-Band and Very High Frequency (VHF) communications
• Hydrazine propulsion system with 3 thrusters

Communications

• Direct downlink from 2, 30 minute wide-band video tape recorders
• Data rate: 15 Mbps
• Quantization: 6 bit (64 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-1 (WRS-1) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 917 km (570 mi)
• Inclined at 99.2°
• Circled the Earth every 103 minutes
• Completed 14 orbits a day
• Repeat cycle: 18 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:30 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath overlap (or sidelap) varied from 14 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at 81° north or south latitude

Sensors
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

• The RBV system on Landsat 2 was operated primarily for engineering evaluation purposes and only occasional RBV imagery was obtained, primarily for cartographic uses in remote areas.
• 80 m resolution in the multispectral band
• Three cameras that operate in the following spectral bands:
• Visible blue-green (475-575 nm)
• Visible orange-red (580-680 nm)
• Visible red to Near-Infrared (690-830 nm)
• Data: 3.5 MHz video

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands:
• Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
• Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
• Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
• Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Originally designated ERTS-B (Earth Resources Technology Satellite-B), then named Landsat-2 prior to launch
• Design Life: Minimum of 1 year

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat2.php

Sejarah Satelit Landsat 1

Landsat 1 History

July 23, 1972 - January 6, 1978

Figure 1. Landsat 1

Participants

• NASA
• Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Manufacturer: General Electric's (GE’s) Space Division in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Launch

• Date: July 23, 1972
• Vehicle: Delta 900
• Launched by: NASA
• Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

Spacecraft

• Weight: approximately 953 kg (2,100 lbs)
• Overall height: 3 m (10 ft)
• Diameter: 1.5 m (5 ft)
• Solar array paddles extend out to a total of 4 m (13 ft)
• 3-axis stabilized using 4 wheels to +/-0.7° attitude control
• Twin solar array paddles (single-axis articulation)
• S-Band and Very High Frequency (VHF) communications
• Hydrazine propulsion system with 3 thrusters

Communications

• Direct downlink from 2, 30 minute wide-band video tape recorders
• Data rate: 15 Mbps
• Quantization: 6 bit (64 levels)

Orbit

• Worldwide Reference System-1 (WRS-1) path/row system
• Sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 917 km (570 mi)
• Inclined at 99.2°
• Circled the Earth every 103.34 minutes
• Completed 14 orbits a day
• Repeat cycle: 18 days
• Swath width: 185 km (115 mi)
• Equatorial crossing time: 9:30 a.m. +/- 15 minutes
• Swath overlap (or sidelap) varied from 14 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at 81° north or south latitude

Sensors
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

• Operated from July 23, 1972 to August 5, 1972, recording only 1692 images
• 80 m resolution in the multispectral band
• Three cameras that operate in the following spectral bands:
  • Band 1 Visible blue-green (475-575 nm)
  • Band 2 Visible orange-red (580-680 nm)
  • Band 3 Visible red to Near-Infrared (690-830 nm)
• Data: 3.5 MHz FM video

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

• Four spectral bands:
  • Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
  • Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
  • Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
  • Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
• Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
• Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

Other Characteristics

• Scene size: 170 km x 185 km (106 mi x 115 mi)
• Originally designated ERTS-A (Earth Resources Technology Satellite); also known as ERTS-1 and Landsat-1
• Program renamed Landsat in 1975
• Design Life: Minimum of 1 year

Sumber :
http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_landsat1.php

my picture

Handphone Window : Ponsel Cuaca

 

Handphone unik karya Seunghan Song belum diketahui handphone ini diproduksi oleh perusahaan apa dan dimana serta kapan.

Sumber

http://www.yankodesign.com/2009/08/18/phone-that-shames-the-weather-bureau/

Handphone unik versi Alay Rose

Nokia 888 : HP Fleksibel

Teknologi :
Handphone ini menggunakan baterai cair, pengenalan suara, layar sentuh yang fleksibel, menyentuh tubuh sensitif yang memungkinkan cover itu memahami dan menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan. Memiliki mekanisme program yang sederhana sehingga perubahan bentuk dalam situasi yang berbeda.

Unik :
Anda dapat mengubah bentuk tubuh. Tidak hanya warna. Dan Anda dapat melakukan hal yang sama dengan mengirim e-gerak ke teman Anda.

Sumber :
http://www.nokia888.com/

Tamer Nakisci
industri desainer

Mimar Sinan Universitas Seni Rupa
Istanbul / TURKEY
______________________________________________________________________
HandPhone Window :Ponsel Cuaca
Designer: Seunghan Song

Handphone ini belum diketahui akan diproduksi oleh perusahaan apa dan dimana serta kapan.

jawaban hikayat abu nawas dan domba

hahahaha,,, ketahuan gak bisa jawab yaa,,,
nyerah kan,, nah gitu ngaku dongg,,

oke mari kita lanjutkan hikayatnya,,
sekarang kita cari Abu Nawas yang telah pergi saat Anda sibuk berpikir,,

oLaLaaa... ternyata Abu Nawas membawa seekor domba lagi,, bersama pemiliknya pa' Harun,,

oke mari kita kita selesaikan masalah wasiat dari orang tua yang telah meninggal tersebut,,

sang ayah mewasiatkan 23 ekor domba
lalu ditambahkan dengan seekor domba milik pak Harun,
jumlah domba menjadi 24 ekor domba

Zaid 1/2 bagian = 24 x 1/2 = 12 ekor domba
GuLam 1/3 bagian = 24 x 1/3 = 8 ekor domba
Rojul 1/8 bagian = 24 x 1/8 = 3 ekor domba

12 + 8 + 3 = 23 ekor domba

Berarti sisa 1 ekor domba dan dikembalikan pada pemiliknya yaitu Pa Harun,
masalah selesai tanpa mengorbankan salah satu pun.

Itulah salah satu kecerdikan Abu Nawas, ternyata selain beliau lucu namun juga cerdas.
Kesimpulannya beliau orang cerdas yang lucu.

Sampai ketemu di Hikayat Abu Nawas selanjutnya kawan.